Complex model of Universe
Do you know about complex model of Universe ?
Intro
We have achieve many advancement in field of science from quantum level to astronomical level. So in order to develop more hypothetical particles, dimensions and many more theories we have grouped all possible particles in standard model. So there are total 12 matter particles which interact with each other with three different fundamental forces. From standard model we are trying to understand what are we made up of ? Planets are made up of what ? So lets together understand Standard model.
What it contains ?
So basically this theory state about fundamental particles of universe. Standard model contains 12 fundamental particles which interact with three fundamental forces and all bound together by Higgs Boson. So why i consider 3 forces, there are actually four fundamental forces in universe, right ? Strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electro magnetic force and Gravitational force. So which force is missing and why ? Gravitational force is missing. We have divided particles into two parts :- Matter and forces. Matter particles are called as fermions and fermions are further divided into quarks and leptons. We called particles of forces as Bosons and each forces have their bosons. For eg :- Electro magnetic force have photon, Weak Nuclear force have w/z Boson and Strong Nuclear force have Gluons. But as gravity is very weak force( at quantum level) it’s boson is not yet discovered. Boson of Gravity is known as Graviton, you can check our tweet to know more about Graviton. It will be easy for you to understand About division of particle if you refer below flow chart.
So standard model is written with respect to Quantum field theory. So what is Quantum field theory ? It is theory which state that our universe have many different fields like , Space- time , electric and magnetic field, Higgs field etc. Interaction in this field produces particles. So particles is our intuition. This field interact with each other in fixed pattern which we call Laws of Physics. Some of pattern change with time and some are not, some changes from place to place while other is universal constant. So in order to simplify we talk in terms of particles in Quantum Physics.
So we have studied division of particles now let take look on their properties. So according to Pauli Exclusion Principle we can not place fermion on top of each other, while Bosons are not govern by this principle. Bosons are responsible for three fundamental forces. So first we take electro magnetic force, so particle named photon is responsible for this force. Then w/z bosons are responsible for weak nuclear force. Gluons are responsible for strong nuclear force, a force which is very powerful and it holds nucleus of an atom.
Fermions
So lets take look on our house. So our house is made up of bricks. Now lets study what brick is made up of ? Brick is made up of clay. Clay is made up of soil particles. Soil is made up of many small soil molecules. Molecules are made up of atoms. In school level we have learn that atoms are fundamental particles but they are not. In school we have also learn that an atom contains three more fundamental particles but really they are fundamental ? So they are and they are not. Didn’t understood, right ? We know that atom contains nucleus and electron which are distributed in various orbits depending on their energy level. So electron is fundamental particle. Nucleus is made up of proton and neutron. This proton and neutron is again not fundamental particle, proton contains two type fundamental particles known as quarks, it contains three of quarks :- two up quarks and one down quarks. Neutron contains three quarks :- two down quarks and one up quarks.
So in list of standard model 4th particle is Neutrino. This particle are very light and rarely interact with other particles. They are emitted by sun and approx 100 trillion neutrinos pass through your body but you didn’t feel. Due to this properties of neutrino they are known as Ghost particles. So Nature has made two more particles from this four particles. Lets have look !
So two more particles like electron are muon and tau. They both behave like a electron but there is one difference, they both are heavier than electron. Muon is about 200 times heavier than electron while tau is three and half thousand times heavier than electron. Isn’t it amazing !
So now lets have a look on two duplicates of two types of Quarks. There are two heavier versions of down quarks ie, strange quarks and Bottom Quarks. Two heavier versions of Up Quarks are :- Charm and top .
We have grouped all three neutrinos, they are :- Electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino. So these three are also called ghost particles as their interaction with other particles is very less and they are light. So these 4 particles with set of other two make our building block of universe. 4 particles cannot exist without rest two pair. We have discover this particle through particle accelerator. Now comes bosons - Particles of forces.
What is need of force ?
So lets understand importance of force at quantum level with following points :-
Without force particles will not able to intreact with each other
Due to which our universe will not expand or contract
Stars, planets, human, nucleus, atom will not form
Building blocks ie, Fermions and our universe is incomplete without force so lets add forces to our model.
So as i told you earlier we have four fundamental forces on our normal level but on quantum level we have 3 fundamental forces each of them has particle. All three forces are bind together by Higgs bosons. Fermions are continuously interacting with bosons by which force is generated.
So first force in our list is Electro magnetic force due to which electron are present in an atom. This force acts on things which carry electric charge. This force acts on electrons and quarks but not on neutrino because they are neutral. So Photon is boson of Electro magnetic force.
Next force in our list is strong nuclear force. This force only acts on quarks. So as it act on quarks it will act between proton and neutron to form nucleus of an atom. Particle which is responsible for this force is Gluon.
Last force in our list is Weak nuclear force. So this force is responsible for decay of an atom. It has ability to change nature of Quark, means it can convert up quark to down and vice versa. During this process electrons are released. This is called radioactive decay. So two particle are responsible for this process, they are :- W bosons and Z bosons. It is only force that neutrino feel and only force to act on all particles.
Now come last particle, it is known as Higgs bosons. It is very special particle for all of us. Let’s see why it is so special ? So all 11 particles fermions and bosons are massless. But Higgs bosons are particles which give mass to all other particles. There is higgs field, interaction of particle with higgs field is responsible for mass of particle. More interaction, more mass. Same way less interaction, less mass. So here our standard model is completed. This is how it looks like :-
So this model is considered as most accurate model of universe. I hope you understood this model and enjoy this small piece of information.
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